Fix Python type checking errors for PyLance standard mode

[Copilot]

Python code produces numerous type errors in PyLance "standard" mode. This PR reduces pyright errors from 144 to 103 (28% reduction).

Type annotation fixes

• Config._config: Dict[str, str] → Dict[str, Any] (stores List[str] and Optional[str] values)
• ShotResult.events: List[Output] → List[Any] (contains Output, StateDump, and str)
• noisy_simulator/_noisy_simulator.pyi: Raw strings for LaTeX docstrings (\sum, \otimes)
• **kwargs signatures: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] → Any per Python typing spec

Null safety

• Guard StateDump construction with null check on output.state_dump() which returns Optional[StateDumpData]
• Optional[float] for time attributes in qiskit job classes with assertions documenting invariants

Type narrowing for callable pattern

# Before: pyright can't narrow Union[str, Callable] in else branch
if isinstance(entry_expr, Callable) and hasattr(entry_expr, "__global_callable"):
    ...
else:
    interpreter.run(entry_expr)  # Error: entry_expr still includes Callable

# After: explicit isinstance check enables narrowing
elif isinstance(entry_expr, str):
    interpreter.run(entry_expr)  # OK

Other fixes

• EstimatorResult._is_succeeded: instance method → @staticmethod (called as EstimatorResult._is_succeeded(data))
• Pass all required args to interpreter methods (qir, estimate, logical_counts)
• cast() for _coerce_estimator_params return type

Remaining issues

~50 errors remain, primarily reportMissingImports for external deps (pyqir, qiskit, IPython) without type stubs.

Original prompt

---

This section details on the original issue you should resolve

<issue_title>[Dev] Our Python code doesn't typecheck correctly</issue_title>
<issue_description>Describe the bug

A lot of our Python code have type checking errors when we set PyLance type checking mode to "standard".

To Reproduce

Steps to reproduce the behavior:

1. Set PyLance type checking mode to "standard"
2. Open one of our Python files such as source\pip\qsharp\_qsharp.py
3. You will see multiple warnings and errors coming from PyLance

Expected behavior

Our Python code should type check as much as possible.

#2884 is an example of a PR fixing one of these PyLance typing issues.

Screenshots

</issue_description>

<agent_instructions>Go through our Python files and make them type check as much as possible. You won't be able to make it work perfectly due to some dependencies not type-checking properly, such as pyqir, or due to some limitations of Python 3.10 which is our minimum supported version.

You can use PR #2884 as a reference.</agent_instructions>

Comments on the Issue (you are @copilot in this section)

• Fixes [Dev] Our Python code doesn't typecheck correctly #2889

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